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Auguste Forel

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Auguste Forel
Forel c. 1900
Born1 September 1848 (1848-09)
Morges, Switzerland
Died27 July 1931 (1931-07-28) (aged 82)
Yvorne, Switzerland
Alma materUniversity of Zurich 1866–;
Known forContributions to sexology and myrmecology
Scientific career
FieldsMyrmecology
Neuroanatomist
Psychiatrist
Signature

Auguste-Henri Forel (French pronunciation: [oɡyst ɑ̃ʁi fɔʁɛl]; 1 September 1848 – 27 July 1931) was a Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and eugenicist,[1] notable for his investigations into the structure of the human brain and that of ants. He is considered a co-founder of the neuron theory.[2][3] Forel is also known for his early contributions to sexology and psychology.[4] From 1978 until 2000 Forel's image appeared on the 1000 Swiss franc banknote.

Early life

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Born in 1848 in a villa La Gracieuse, at Morges, on Lake Geneva, Switzerland, to Victor Forel a pious Swiss Calvinist and Pauline Morin, a French Huguenot he was brought up in a protective household.

Auguste Forel was born in 1848 at Morges on Lake Geneva in Switzerland.[5] His great uncle, who was an entomologist, introduced Forel to insect natural history when he was young.[5] After reading a book by Pierre Huber, he became interested in ants.[5]

Education

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He went to school at Morges and Lausanne. In 1866 he began his studies at the University of Zurich's medical school. While at medical school he continued to collect colonies of ants in order to study their physiology, biology, anatomy, systematic and even posology, as he experimented with the effect of some biochemical agents on them.

In 1871 he went to Vienna and studied under Theodor Meynert (1833-1892), where he did his first comparative study of the thalamus.[6] Forel was disappointed by Meynert.[7]

In Zurich he was inspired by the work of Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886). In 1873 he moved to Germany to assist Gudden at his Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. He improved upon various techniques in neuro-anatomy including modifications to Gudden's microtome design.

Neuroscience

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Forel had a diverse and mixed career as a thinker on many subjects.

In Zurich he was inspired by the work of Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886). In 1873 he moved to Germany to assist Gudden at his Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. He improved upon various techniques in neuro-anatomy including modifications to Gudden's microtome design.

In 1877 he described the nuclear and fibrillar organization of the tegmental region which is now known as Campus Foreli.[8] He then became a lecturer at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich while also continuing his research on ants.

Neuron theory

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Forel realized from experiments that neurons were the basic elements of the nervous system. He found that the neuromuscular junction communicated by mere contact and did not require the anastomosis of fibres. This came to be called the Contact Theory of Forel.

The word "neuron" was coined by Wilhelm von Waldeyer who published a review of the work of Forel and others in 1891. Waldeyer synthesized ideas without actually conducting any research himself and published it in Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift a widely read journal which made him popular. Forel was very bitter about Waldeyer's achievement of fame that it is thought to have contributed to the decline in his interest in neuroanatomy and neurology.[8]

Forel first described in 1877 the zona incerta area in the brain. He gave it this name as it a "region of which nothing certain can be said".[9]

In 1879, he accepted an appointment as professor of psychiatry at University of Zurich Medical School. He was also assigned to the position of temporary director of the Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich asylum—the Burghölzli asylum, where he worked with only two other physicians treating 300 patients.[10][11] He remained there for nineteen years, publishing papers on insanity, prison reform, and social morality. Burghölzli was very poorly run with corrupt staff and poor standards before Forel took over and converted to be among the best in Europe.[citation needed]

Myrmecology

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The Social World of Ants

Publications

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Les fourmis de la Suisse (1874)

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Following a field trip to southern Switzerland in his early twenties, Forel wrote a 450-page essay, Les Fourmis de la Suisse, which was first published in a three part series in a Swiss scientific journal, beginning in 1874.[12] It earned him the Schafli prize awarded by the Swiss Natural History Society. Forel sent Charles Darwin a copy of the essay when it was published as a book in 1874, and Darwin commended his work. The Paris Academy of Science also honored him with the Thore prize for the essay. His 1874 450-page treatise, was selected by scholars for its cultural importance—it is part of the knowledge base of civilization.[12][13] Les Fourmis de la Suisse was commended by Charles Darwin. It was translated into English when it was reissued in 1890.

Sir J.A. Hammerton wrote a chapter entitled "The Senses of Insects: Auguste Forel", in his 1937 book, Outline of Great Books in which he praised Forel's 1874 "prize essay on the Ants of Switzerland". Hammerton said that it was "the most important contribution to insect psychology ever made by a single student...He made the senses and mental faculties of insects his chief study. His work on insects has served the study of human psychology, and is in itself perhaps the most important contribution to insect psychology ever made by a single student."[14]

The Senses of Insects 1885 (1908)

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In an experiment to better understand ant communication, in 1886, Forel removed the antennas of a large number of ants of different species, then placed them in a box in order to observe their behaviour.[15][16] He found that the ants without antennae were no longer aggressive towards other ants, in marked contrast to ants with antennae. This confirmed his thesis that ants use their antennas to distinguish friend from foe. He published his findings in English in 1908 in The Senses of Insects.[16] In a 2016 study described in the Smithsonian Magazine, the author cited Forel.[15] The experiment was one of a series undertaken in the 1880s and published in German at that time. The 1908 English translation included several previously published studies on the subject.[16]

Le Monde Social des Fourmis (1921)

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In 1919, Forel hired the well-known animal painter Erich W. Heinrich to work with him on his five volume myrmecological magnum opus treatise, Le Monde social des fourmis du Globe comparé à celui de L'homme. The five volumes were published in French in 1921.[13] It was published in English in 1928.[17][18][13]

In his 1924 Nature review of Forel's Le Monde social des fourmis, compareé à celui de l'homme in Nature, Malinowski said taking the analogy between society and organism literally by comparing human society to that of animals, "has misled and wrecked most of the earlier attempts at systematic sociology."[19] He said that comparisons between "relations between human individuals in society" and that of other living organism" has limited value—[a]s a method of sociological research and exposition this simile is worse than useless."[19]

In 1914, Forel was a good friend of the well-known British entomologist Horace Donisthorpe, with whom he stayed in Switzerland;[20] his ardent socialist views frequently caused political arguments between the two. In Horace Donisthorpe's 1927 edition of British Ants: their life history and classification. Donisthorpe said, "I should wish ... to protest against the ants being employed as a supposed weapon in political controversy. In my opinion an entomological work is not the appropriate means for the introduction of political theories of any kind, still less for their glaring advertisement."[21]

Other myrmecological research

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In 1898, Forel was credited with discovering trophallaxis among ants.[22]

Legacy

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A travelling exhibition of Forel's lifework—August Forel: Arzt Naturforscher Sozialreformer—was shown in 1986 in Zürich,[23] and two years later, in Bern.[24] The founder of the Institute of Brain Research in Zürich, Konrad Akert, described Forel as a "role model" and his contributions as a "social reformer" and scientist, "monumental".[25] In his 2008 History of Psychiatry journal article citing the 1980s exhibitions, Zurich-based psychiatrist, Bernhard Kuechenhoff, said that from the perspective of the twenty first century, Akert's "judgement would have to be modified."[25] According to Kuechenhoff, these exhibitions did not adequately reflect a "complete representation" of Forel's life because they ignored and failed to mention "Forel's "[latent] racist and eugenic thoughts and ideas" and his related social activism.[25] Kuechenhoff said that while he sought to draw attention to Forel's views on these topics, he cautioned against the "risk of a biased judgement.[25]

From 1978 until 2000 Forel's image appeared on the 1000 Swiss franc banknote.

Forel International School is named after him.[citation needed]

Personal life

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Main article: Auguste Forel and the Bahá’í Faith

Forel named his home as La Fourmilière—the Ant Colony.[26] Around 1900 Forel was a eugenicist.[27] Forel suffered a stroke that paralyzed his right side in 1912, but he taught himself to write with his left hand and was able to continue his studies. After hearing of the religion from his son in law Dr. Arthur Brauns (married to his daughter Martha),[28] in 1920 he became a member of the Baháʼí Faith,[29] abandoning his earlier racist and socialist views, writing in his will and testament,

This is the true religion of human social good, without dogmas or priests, uniting all men on this small terrestrial globe of ours. I have become a Baháʼí. May this religion live and prosper for the good of mankind; this is my most ardent wish.

— Auguste Forel, [30]

In 1922 he received a letter from ʻAbdu'l-Bahá known as the Tablet to Dr. Auguste Forel expounding on the differences between the mineral, vegetable, animal and human worlds, the spiritual nature of man and proofs of the existence of God.[31][32] He was an agnostic and was strongly anti-capitalist, diverging from the Baháʼí religion of today.[33]

Forel married Emma Steinheil in August 1883 and they had four daughters and two sons. In 1903 Forel and his family moved to live in his home, La Fourmiliere, in Yvorne near Lake Geneva. He died there on July 27, 1931, and was cremated in Lausanne two days later.[33]

Partial bibliography

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Citations

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  1. ^ Vonmont 2007.
  2. ^ López-Muñoz, Boya & Alamo 2006.
  3. ^ Anctil 2015.
  4. ^ Haeberle 1986.
  5. ^ a b c Encyclopedia of Entomology 2008.
  6. ^ Parent 2003, p. 284.
  7. ^ Parent 2003, p. 285.
  8. ^ a b Parent 2003.
  9. ^ Forel 1877.
  10. ^ Kuechenhoff 2008.
  11. ^ Banani 2005, p. 4.
  12. ^ a b Forel 1874.
  13. ^ a b c Forel 1921.
  14. ^ Hammerton 1937, p. 470.
  15. ^ a b Wei-Haas 2016.
  16. ^ a b c Forel 1908.
  17. ^ Forel 1928.
  18. ^ Parent 2003, p. 28.
  19. ^ a b Malinowski 1924.
  20. ^ The Entomologist's Record, vol XXV, Nos 1-2 (1915)
  21. ^ Donisthorpe 1927.
  22. ^ Kropotkin 2017.
  23. ^ Meier 1986.
  24. ^ Meier 1988, p. 8.
  25. ^ a b c d Kuechenhoff 2008, p. 216.
  26. ^ Sleigh, Charlotte (2007) Six legs better : a cultural history of myrmecology. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8445-4
  27. ^ "The Survival of the Fittest, Chapter II". Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
  28. ^ "Miss Martha Root". Baháʼí News. No. 32. June 1929. p. 8.
  29. ^ National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Switzerland (2003). "Swiss Baha'is Celebrate 100 Years of Contributing to World Civilization". Baha'i Switzerland. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Switzerland. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2008.
  30. ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1944). God Passes By. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-020-9.p.375
  31. ^ Vader, John Paul (1984). For the Good of Mankind - August Forel and the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. pp. 17–24, 70–80. ISBN 0-85398-172-8.
  32. ^ "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's Tablet to Dr. Forel". reference.bahai.org.
  33. ^ a b Osiro, Stephen; Gielecki, Jerzy; Matusz, Petru; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Loukas, Marios (2011). "August Forel (1848–1931): A look at his life and work". Child's Nervous System. 28 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1007/s00381-011-1659-7. PMID 22179429. S2CID 6000133.

References

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A

  • Anctil, Michel (2015). Dawn of the Neuron: The Early Struggles to Trace the Origin of Nervous Systems. Montreal & Kingston, London, Chicago: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-4571-7.

B

D

  • Donisthorpe, Horace St John Kelly (1927). British Ants: Their Life History and Classification (2 ed.). London: Routledge.

E

F

  • Forel, Auguste (1874). Les Fourmis de la Suisse, Systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. Genève and Lyon: H. George, Bale Basel. Retrieved 27 January 2023 – via Medical Heritage Library. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.
  • Forel, Auguste (1874a). "Les fourmis de la Suisse : systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs". Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesamten Naturwissenschaften. Zürich: Druck von Zürcher und Furrer.
  • Forel, Auguste (1877). "Untersuchungen über die Haubenregion und ihre oberen Verknüpfungen im Gehirne des Menschen und einiger Säugethiere, mit Beiträgen zu den Methoden der Gehirnuntersuchung". Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 7 (3): 393–495. doi:10.1007/BF02041873. S2CID 19208861.
  • Forel, Auguste (1908). The Senses of Insects. Translated by MacLeod Yearsley. Methuen & Company. p. 375. OCLC 37690828. Retrieved 17 July 2023 – via Internet Archive Open Library. With a preface by MacLeod Yearsley.
  • Forel, Auguste (1921). Le Monde social des fourmis du Globe comparé à celui de L'homme (in French). Genève: Kündig. OCLC 493589913. Contents: Volume 1: Genèse, formes, anatomie classification, géographie, fossiles; Volume 2: Sensations, physiologie, fourmis et plantes, hôtes, parasites, nids; Volume 3: Appareils d'observation. Fondation des fourmilières. Moeurs à l'intérieur des nids. Bétail, jardins, fourmis parasites. Appendice. La guerre des fourmis...par Edouard Bugnion; Volume 4: Alliances et guerres. Parabiose, lestobiose, esclavagisme; Volume 5: Moeurs spécialisées Epilogue, les fourmis. Les termites et l'homme.
  • Forel, August (1928). The Social Life of Ants. Translated by C.K. Ogden. London and New York: Putnam’s Sons.

H

K

  • Kropotkin, Peter (14 January 2017). "Section 4". Anarchist Morality. RevoltLib. Forel, that inimitable observer of ants, has shown by a mass of observations and facts that when an ant who has her crop well filled with honey meets other ants with empty stomachs, the latter immediately ask her for food. And among these little insects it is the duty of the satisfied ant to disgorge the honey that her hungry friends may also be satisfied.
  • Kuechenhoff, Bernhard (June 2008). "The psychiatrist Auguste Forel and his attitude to eugenics". History of Psychiatry. 19 (2): 215–223. doi:10.1177/0957154X07080660. PMID 19127840. S2CID 41797145.: 217 

L

M

V

W

Further reading

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  • Serina Heinen: „Zwischen Evolutionstheorie und Menschheitsreligion - Der Schweizer Monist, Baha'i und Eugeniker Auguste Forel“ in: Das Prinzip Evolution. Darwin und die Folgen für Religionstheorie und Philosophie (hg. Mariano Delgado, Oliver Krüger, Guido Vergauwen), Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 2010.
  • Related documents on Baháʼí Library Online
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