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Arthur P. Gorman

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For his son, see Arthur Pue Gorman Jr.
"Senator Gorman" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Gorman (disambiguation).

Arthur P. Gorman
Gorman c. 1899
Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus
In office
March 4, 1903 – June 4, 1906
Preceded byJames Kimbrough Jones
Succeeded byJoseph Clay Stiles Blackburn
In office
May 3, 1890 – April 1898
Preceded byJames B. Beck
Succeeded byDavid Turpie
United States Senator
from Maryland
In office
March 4, 1903 – June 4, 1906
Preceded byGeorge Wellington
Succeeded byWilliam Pinkney Whyte
In office
March 4, 1881 – March 3, 1899
Preceded byWilliam Pinkney Whyte
Succeeded byLouis E. McComas
Member of the Maryland Senate from Howard County
In office
1875–1881[1]
Preceded byJohn Lee Carroll
Succeeded byEdwin Warfield
Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates
In office
1872–1874
Preceded byFerdinand Claiborne Latrobe
Succeeded byJesse K. Hines
Member of the Maryland House of Delegates from Howard County
In office
1869–1875[1]
Serving with William Matthews Merrick (1869–1871), Edward Linthicum (1871–1875)
Preceded byJohn R. Clark, I. Thomas Jones
Succeeded byLittleton Maclin, Claudius Stewart
Personal details
Born(1839-03-11)March 11, 1839
Woodstock, Maryland, U.S.
DiedJune 4, 1906(1906-06-04) (aged 67)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Resting placeOak Hill Cemetery
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Hannah "Hattie" Donagan
​
​
(m. 1867)​
Children6, including Arthur Jr.
Parent
Relatives
Signature

Arthur Pue Gorman (March 11, 1839 – June 4, 1906) was an American politician. He was leader of the Gorman-Rasin organization with Isaac Freeman Rasin that controlled the Maryland Democratic Party from the late 1870s until his death in 1906.[3] Gorman served as United States Senator from Maryland from 1881 to 1899 and again from 1903 until his death. He was a prominent leader of the Bourbon Democrat faction of the Democratic Party. Gorman was Chairman of the Democratic National Committee during Grover Cleveland's 1884 presidential campaign and he is widely credited with securing Cleveland's victory.[4] In 1952 Gorman was described in The Baltimore Sun as "easily the most powerful political figure [Maryland] has ever known."[5]

As a young man, Gorman also played a prominent role in the early development of baseball in Washington, D.C. He was a founding member of the original Washington Nationals of the National Association, the first American baseball team, and became one of the nation's star players by 1864. Later in life, he served as a member of the Mills Commission which investigated the origins of the sport.[6]

Early life and career

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Gorman was born in Woodstock, Maryland on March 11, 1839. His father was Peter Gorman, a construction contractor, and his mother was Elizabeth A. Gorman (née Brown). Arthur was named after the family physician, Dr. Arthur Pue. He was the first of five children, including William.[6]

Gorman's paternal grandfather, John, emigrated to the U.S. from Ireland circa 1794, first settling in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania before moving to the Baltimore area.[6]

The Gorman family moved to Howard County, Maryland around 1845,[7] where Peter Gorman bought a 150-acre (61 ha) farm several miles from Laurel.[6][8][9] Gorman attended Howard County public schools[10] and for at least one year his father hired a tutor to teach him and neighboring students.[11]: 5 

In 1850, Peter Gorman used his connections to Maryland Congressmen William T. Hamilton and Edward Hammond to arrange for 11-year old Arthur to serve as a U.S. Senate page.[6] Gorman became friends with prominent Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who made Gorman his private secretary.[6] Some sources state that Gorman accompanied Douglas during his debates with Abraham Lincoln in 1858,[7] although biographer John R. Lambert questions these accounts.[11]: 7  Gorman continued to work for the senate throughout the 1850s and 1860s, including positions as messenger, assistant doorkeeper, and assistant postmaster.[12] In 1866, he was appointed Postmaster.[12] Gorman's experience in the Senate gave him extensive knowledge of parliamentary procedures that he would put to use during his political career.[13]

During the American Civil War, Gorman was a pro-Union Democrat. In September 1866, Republicans who held the senate majority removed him as postmaster because he supported President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies. Johnson immediately appointed Gorman as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Congressional District of Maryland.[6]

Baseball

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At the age of 20 in 1859, Gorman was one of the founding members of the Washington Nationals, the first official baseball team in America. He rose to become a star by the end of the Civil War era.[14]

In 1867, he led the Nationals in their first trip westward over the mountains, in which they beat every midwest team except Rockford, Illinois, which had Albert Spalding as its pitcher.[15] Also in 1867, Gorman was elected to a one-year term as president of the National Association of Base Ball Players.[6][15]

In 1891, as part of an expanded National League, a Washington franchise was added. Originally called the Washington Statesmen, the team was renamed "Senators" to honor Gorman. While this team folded in 1899, subsequent franchises would use the "Senators" name until 1971. In February 1903, Gorman and his son-in-law Wilton Lambert attempted but failed to buy the Washington Senators baseball team.[6]

Early political career

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Gorman was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1869, serving until 1875; he served as Speaker of the House for one session.

Gorman was closely aligned with Baltimore political leader Isaac Freeman Rasin and supported William Pinkney Whyte for Governor in 1871. Whyte, in turn, gave Gorman a position as director of the C&O Canal.[16]

In 1875, he was elected to the Maryland State Senate, serving until 1881.[12][17]

U.S. Senator

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In 1880, the Maryland legislature elected Gorman to the United States Senate, where he soon became a leader of the Bourbon Democrats. The New York Times reported that the previous legislative election was influenced by large groups of "ward rounders" who shot and wounded black Republican voters at the Howard County polls.[18]

An 1888 tobacco company trading card speculates on Gorman's chances for the presidency.[19]

In 1884 Gorman became chairman of the National Democratic Committee and served as campaign manager for Democratic presidential candidate Grover Cleveland.[11]: 102–103  Cleveland faced Republican candidate James Blaine in the election. Both men had character issues and the campaign was an extremely negative and close one. Blaine actively courted the Irish Catholic vote and he publicized that his mother was Catholic.[11]: 107  On Wednesday October 29, Blaine attended a meeting with Protestant clergymen in New York City. At the meeting, Rev. Samuel D. Burchard made an introductory speech in which he denounced the Democratic Party as the party of "rum, Romanism and rebellion". The fatigued Blaine did not hear the comment and when he spoke, he failed to correct this attack on Catholicism.[11]: 107–108  Gorman, who was operating from Democratic headquarters in New York, had sent a stenographic reporter to cover the meeting.[11]: 106, 108  After learning what Burchard had said, Gorman immediately recognized the importance of the "rum, Romanism and rebellion" comment and went to work.[20]: 39  Within hours cities with large Catholic populations were blanketed with posters and handbills with the letters "R.R.R." on them[11]: 108–109  and dispatches were sent to newspapers across the country.[21]: 209–210  Blaine tried to make a disclaimer, but the damage was done. The November 4 election was determined by New York, which Cleveland won by only 1,149 votes (0.1% of the total vote). Gorman's handling of the Cleveland campaign, including the "rum, Romanism and rebellion" comment, was widely recognized as the decisive factor in securing Cleveland's victory.[4][22]

He served as the Democratic caucus chairman from 1890 to 1898. He chaired the Committee on Printing (53rd Congress) and served on the Committee on Private Land Claims (55th Congress).[12]

He played a major role in financial and tariff legislation, especially the Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894, which successfully lowered tariffs in response to the McKinley Act of 1890, but thwarted President Cleveland's effort at completely or nearly free trade.

Gorman was reelected twice more in 1886 and 1892 but was defeated for re-election in 1898, losing to Louis E. McComas.[12] After his defeat, Gorman campaigned for Maryland's other U.S. Senate seat and was elected again by the Legislature in 1902.[12][23][24] He was again appointed as the Democratic Caucus Chairman, which he held from 1903 to 1906.[12]

Satirical cartoon depicting Gorman leading Democrats in the 1902 election

Gorman was briefly a candidate for U.S. president in 1892 and 1904.[25]

Racial politics

[edit]

In 1889, Gorman sought to differentiate his party from a growing mixed-race coalition of Republicans and independent Democrats. He was quoted as saying, "We have determined that this government was made by white men and shall be ruled by white men as long as the republic lasts."[26]

In his final years, Gorman "spearheaded an attempt by Democrats to disenfranchise black voters in Maryland, who tended to vote Republican." Related legislation passed easily in the Democratically controlled Senate of early 1904, though Governor Warfield did not sign the bill into law, and it was rejected by voters in late 1905.[3]

Personal life and family

[edit]

Gorman married a widow, Hannah T. "Hattie" Donagan, on March 28, 1867.[6] She was born c. 1836 in Reading, Pennsylvania, the daughter of George P. Donagan, and her first marriage c. 1853 was to Alexander Jordan Swartz, who was a mayor of Reading for a term before later working in Washington, D.C. and dying c. 1864.[27]

Gorman served as a director and eventually president of the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Company;[3] the canal ran along the north shore of the Potomac River from Georgetown above Washington, D.C., to Cumberland, Maryland.

The Gormans had five daughters and one son: Ada, Haddie, Grace, Anne Elizabeth ("Bessie"), Mary and Arthur P. Jr.[6] In 1890, Gorman's wife and daughter Grace escaped a fire at their Laurel house "Fairview"; a new Queen Anne style house was built in its place the following year.[28][29][30]

Haddie Gorman Gambrill

[edit]
Haddie Gorman in 1895

Gorman's eldest daughter, Haddie, married Stephen Warfield Gambrill in 1900.[31] Her husband later served as a Maryland state delegate, state senator, and U.S. representative.[32]

Ada Gorman

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Ada Gorman in 1895

Gorman's daughter Ada married Charles Joseph Magness, a young man about half her age, against her family's wishes in 1908.[33][34][35] Magness was soon thereafter imprisoned for desertion from the U.S. Navy. Upon his release a year later, the couple lived in Washington, D.C., and then the Baltimore suburb of Lutherville.[36]

When her mother died in 1910, Ada was cut off from her share of the Gorman family estate.[37] The marriage lasted a total of 14 years before Ada divorced in 1922 due to her husband's infidelity.[36][38] She died childless and with few friends in the spring of 1950.[36]

Grace "Daisy" Gorman Johnson

[edit]

Gorman's daughter Grace (better known as Daisy) married Richard Alward Johnson, the first manager of the Laurel race track and later a Maryland State Senator, in 1895.[39] They had two children, Richard Jr. and Grace. They lived at the historic Overlook farmhouse in North Laurel, which was built for Daisy on the family property in 1911.[40] (This home was later owned from 1952 to 2018 by diplomat and businessman Kingdon Gould Jr., who raised his family and died there.)[39][40] The town of Daisy in Howard County, Maryland, is named in Gorman's daughter's honor. Her son, Richard Jr., raised and trained horses, and her daughter, Grace Johnson, later married Braxton Bragg Comer Jr., son of former Alabama Governor B. B. Comer.[41][42][43]

Arthur Gorman Jr.

[edit]
Black-and-white posed photo of Gorman Jr wearing a dark suit coat, darker tie, and a white collared shirt
Arthur P. Gorman Jr. c. 1914
Main article: Arthur Pue Gorman Jr.

Gorman's only son, Arthur Jr., attended Lawrenceville Prep and played on the Maryland Agricultural College football team in 1892 and 1893 as a fullback.[44] In 1898, Arthur Jr. founded the Piedmont Mining Company in Maryland and West Virginia with his uncle William and Thomas L. Marriott.[45] He married Grace Norris on November 28, 1900.[46] Arthur Jr. served as a Maryland state senator (1904–1910), the last year during which he was Senate President.[47]

Arthur Jr. was nominated for Governor of Maryland in 1911, but narrowly lost to Republican Phillips Lee Goldsborough.[48][49] He was later a state tax commissioner, until his death in 1919 due to complications from diabetes.[50][51]

Bessie Gorman Lambert

[edit]

Gorman's daughter Bessie married Princeton graduate and Democratic speechwriter Wilton J. Lambert on June 24, 1896, at the Gormans' Washington home on the corner of 15th and K Streets.[52][53][54] They had two children, Elizabeth (b. 1897) and Arthur.[55] An attorney, Lambert helped Arthur Gorman attempt to buy the Washington Senators baseball team in February 1903.[6] His son, Arthur Gorman Lambert (1899–1991), was a member of Princeton's class of 1922, also practiced law, and founded Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland;[56] he unveiled a donated portrait of his grandfather, Arthur Pue Gorman, at the Capitol in 1943.[57]

oil on canvas portrait of a silver and gray-haired Senator Gorman, wearing a dark suit and seated toward the left against a dark background, facing the viewer with a soft smile on his lips
Gorman's senate portrait, by Louis P. Dieterich, 1911

Mary Gorman Hills

[edit]

Gorman's youngest daughter, Mary, married Ralph Warren Hills on February 27, 1901.[58] Their son, Ralph Gorman Hills, won a bronze medal for shot put at the 1924 Summer Olympics.[59][60] He graduated from Princeton University, after which he earned an M.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University and became a doctor;[61] his first son, J. Dixon Hills,[62] also chose to become a physician.[59]

Gorman's great-grandson, Ralph Warren Hills Jr., was a WBAL television producer in Baltimore.[62][63][64][65]

Death and legacy

[edit]
Grave of Gorman at Oak Hill Cemetery

Gorman served as a U.S. senator until his death from a heart attack in Washington, D.C., on June 4, 1906.[3] He had been ill with stomach trouble and hadn't left his Washington house since mid-January.[25][66] He was interred at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.[67][68] Gorman's wife became ill soon after his death, and died on June 21, 1910.[27]

Legacy

[edit]

Gorman, Maryland and Gormania, West Virginia, are named after him,[69] as is Gorman Road in North Laurel.[70] An elementary school near this road is named "Gorman Crossing".[70]

The repair ship USS Tutuila was originally named SS Arthur P. Gorman in August 1943.[71]

In 2000, a proposed neighborhood within the Kings Contrivance section of Columbia, Maryland was to be named "Gorman's Promise," but the naming was canceled after consideration of Gorman's involvement in the disenfranchisement of black voters.[72]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Arps, Walter E. Jr. (November 2004). Maryland Mortalities 1876–1915 from the (Baltimore) Sun Almanac. Heritage Books. p. 93. ISBN 978-1585492541.
  2. ^ "Death of Henry Gassaway Davis". The Elkins Inter-Mountain. Associated Press. March 11, 1916. Retrieved March 27, 2021 – via West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History. Mrs. Davis' sister was the mother of the late Senator Arthur Pue Gorman, and the two first cousins were always intimate associates
  3. ^ a b c d "Arthur Pue Gorman (1839–1906)". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Death Ends Senator Gorman's Career in the Nation's Service". The Washington Post. June 5, 1906. p. 1. ProQuest 144702765.
  5. ^ Stump, William (October 19, 1952). "Man In The Street: Gorman". The Baltimore Sun. p. 28. ProQuest 541690605.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l McKenna, Brian. "Arthur Gorman". SABR Baseball Biography Project. Society for American Baseball Research. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
  7. ^ a b Howard, George W. (1880). The Monumental City. Baltimore: J.D. Ehlers & Co. pp. 753–756.
  8. ^ Gates, Merrill E. (1905). Men of Mark in America. Washington: Men of Mark. p. 392. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  9. ^ Official Congressional Directory. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1904. p. 44. Retrieved November 6, 2009.
  10. ^ "The New Senator". Baltimore American. January 9, 1880. p. 4.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Lambert, John R. (1953). Arthur Pue Gorman. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g "GORMAN, Arthur Pue". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  13. ^ "Long Career of Dead Senator". Baltimore American. June 5, 1906.
  14. ^ Povich, Shirley (1954). The Washington Senators. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 3–4.
  15. ^ a b Brady, James H. (Summer 1992). "Play Ball! The Legacy of Nineteenth-Century Baltimore Baseball" (PDF). Maryland Historical Magazine. Vol. 87, no. 2. Maryland Historical Society. pp. 11–12 (129–130). Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  16. ^ Dilworth, Richardson. Cities in American Political History. p. 318.
  17. ^ "Historical List, Senate, Howard County (1852-1966)". Maryland Manual On-Line. Maryland State Archives. February 13, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  18. ^ "Maryland-Colored voters shot down and driven away from the polls" (PDF). The New York Times. November 5, 1879. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
  19. ^ "Guide to the W. Duke, Sons & Co. Records and Advertising Materials, 1876–1953". Duke University Libraries. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
  20. ^ Straus, Oscar S. (1922). Under Four Administrations. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  21. ^ Hudson, William C. (1911). Random Recollections of an Old Political Reporter. New York: Cupples & Leon Company.
  22. ^ "Senator Arthur P. Gorman Dead", The Brooklyn Eagle, June 4, 1906, p. 28
  23. ^ Lambert, John R. Jr. (June 1963). "The Autobiographical Writings of Senator Arthur Pue Gorman" (PDF). Maryland Historical Magazine. Vol. 58, no. 2. p. 13 (103). Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  24. ^ "S. Doc. 58-1 - Fifty-eighth Congress. (Extraordinary session -- beginning November 9, 1903.) Official Congressional Directory for the use of the United States Congress. Compiled under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing by A.J. Halford. Special edition. Corrections made to November 5, 1903". GovInfo.gov. U.S. Government Printing Office. November 9, 1903. p. 44. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  25. ^ a b "Gorman Dies Suddenly; Was Seemingly Better" (PDF). The New York Times. June 5, 1906. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  26. ^ "Integrating the Maryland School of Law" (PDF). Maryland Historical Magazine. Spring 1989. p. 42.
  27. ^ a b "Mrs. Gorman is Dead". The Washington Post. June 22, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved March 23, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  28. ^ "Senator Gormans Loss". The Morning Herald. December 19, 1890. p. 11.
  29. ^ "A Fine Mansion Burned" (PDF). New York Times. December 17, 1890. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  30. ^ "Home of Mr. Gorman. The Burned House at Laurel, MD, to be Replaced". Los Angeles Herald. September 3, 1891. p. 10. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  31. ^ "Obituaries". Morning Herald. Hagerstown, Maryland. March 28, 1923. p. 1.
  32. ^ United States Congress. "Stephen Warfield Gambrill (id: G000035)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  33. ^ "From Washington". Alexandria Gazette. October 22, 1908. p. 2. Magness was born of humble parents in Baltimore in 1885.
  34. ^ "Deserter Magness Torn from Daughter of Late Senator Gorman". The Washington Post. October 22, 1908. p. 1. ProQuest 144812982. Magness is 22 years old according to the record of his enlistment while Mrs. Magness is said to be 38 years old.
  35. ^ "Hold As Deserter Gorman's Relative" (PDF). New York Times. October 22, 1908. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Magness is 23 years of age, according to the record of his enlistment
  36. ^ a b c Coughlin, Gene (July 23, 1950). "Lost Love of the Senator's Daughter". The American Weekly magazine. The Milwaukee Sentinel. p. 7. Retrieved September 1, 2013.[dead link]
  37. ^ "Gorman Daughter Rebuked in Will". The Washington Herald. Library of Congress. July 7, 1910. Retrieved September 1, 2013. The will of Mrs. Hannah D. Gorman, widow of the late senator Arthur P. Gorman, which was filed in the Probate Court yesterday afternoon, cuts off Ada Gorman Magness, who, against the will of her mother and family, married Charles Magness, a musician in the Marine Corps.
  38. ^ "Mrs. Magness Asks Decree" (PDF). New York Times. August 4, 1922. Retrieved September 1, 2013. Mrs. Magness says that since Jan. 1, 1921, her husband has been guilty of infidelity on divers occasions.
  39. ^ a b "Overlook (Kingdon Gould) House" (PDF). Maryland State Archives. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  40. ^ a b Kelly, Jacques (January 19, 2018). "Kingdon Gould Jr., former ambassador and astute parking lot investor, dies at 94". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on January 20, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  41. ^ "Braxton Comer Jr. Dies in Alabama". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. April 27, 1954. p. 10. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
  42. ^ "Social News". The Anniston Star. June 8, 1942. p. 3. Mrs. Frank Willis Comer of Eufaula announces the engagement of her daughter, Annie Laurie, to Richard Johnson Comer of Glennville Plantation
  43. ^ "Johnson-Comer Engagement" (PDF). The New York Times. March 15, 1918. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
  44. ^ Bealle, Morris Allison (1952). Kings of American Football: The University of Maryland, 1890–1952. Columbia Publishing Co. p. 16.
  45. ^ "Mining Company Incorporated". The Washington Post. March 13, 1898. p. 3. ProQuest 144041532.
  46. ^ "Social and Personal". The Evening Times. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. November 9, 1900. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  47. ^ "Arthur P. Gorman, Jr". Maryland State Archives. April 30, 2010. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  48. ^ Smith, C. Fraser (January 19, 2012). "Commentary: Right time, right place for Lee". The Daily Record. Baltimore. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  49. ^ "Historical List" (PDF). Maryland State Archives. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  50. ^ "Arthur P. Gorman Dies in Hospital". The Washington Times. Library of Congress. September 4, 1919. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  51. ^ "Senate Resolution to the Memory of Hon. Arthur P. Gorman". Journal of Proceedings. Maryland Senate. 1920. pp. 250–252. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  52. ^ "Lambert–Gorman" (PDF). New York Times. June 25, 1896. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  53. ^ Smith, Frank Charles; Proctor, Lucien Brock; Chapin, Heman Gerald; Harvey, Richard Selden, eds. (1896) [Digitized June 16, 2010]. The American Lawyer. Vol. 4. Stumpf & Steurer. p. 318. The ceremony was performed at 6.30 o'clock at the spacious home of Senator and Mrs. Gorman, corner of 15th and K streets.
  54. ^ Princeton University Class of 1892 (1907). Quindecennial Record of the Class of Ninety-two of Princeton University. New York: Grafton Press. p. 12. have taken considerable interest and done considerable work in the line of political speech-making in Maryland on behalf of the Democratic party{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  55. ^ Princeton University Class of 1892 (1907). Quindecennial Record of the Class of Ninety-two of Princeton University. New York: Grafton Press. p. 11. Retrieved September 6, 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  56. ^ "Arthur Gorman Lambert '22". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Princeton University Class of 1922. December 4, 1991. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  57. ^ "Arthur P. Gorman". www.senate.gov. United States Senate. Retrieved September 6, 2013.
  58. ^ Lex talionis; an analysis of the forces whose resultant produced the Treaty of Versailles. Baltimore, Maryland: Fleet-McGinley. 1922. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  59. ^ a b Howard, John Eager M.D. (1979). "Memorial: Ralph Gorman Hills". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 90. National Institutes of Health United States National Library of Medicine: xli–xlii. PMC 2279394. PMID 390815.
  60. ^ "Ralph Warren Hills". ancestry.com. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  61. ^ "Ralph Hills Bio, Stats, and Results". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  62. ^ a b Sentementes, Gus G. (June 17, 2012). "Obituary for Ralph Warren Hills, long-time television producer for WBAL-TV". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  63. ^ "Ralph Warren Hills '61". Princeton Alumni Weekly. 113 (7). February 6, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  64. ^ "News Archive – 2012". Princeton University Class of 1961. Archived from the original on June 12, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  65. ^ "Ralph Warren "Hillsy" Hills". Hyde Bay Camp website. John Mercer. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  66. ^ Burke, Missy; Emrich, Robin; Kellner, Barbara. Oh, You must live in Columbia. p. 55.
  67. ^ Dodge 2005, p. 1139.
  68. ^ "Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, D.C. (Chapel Hill) - Lot 564 (Gorman Circle)" (PDF). oakhillcemeterydc.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  69. ^ Feldstein, Albert L. (2006). Garrett County. Arcadia. p. 78. ISBN 9780738542669.
  70. ^ a b Libit, Howard (July 10, 1997). "Board approves names for 2 new elementaries Schools in North Laurel, Glenelg to open next year". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
  71. ^ "Tutuila II". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Department of the Navy – Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  72. ^ Atwood, Liz (March 17, 2000). "Rouse Co. backtracks on neighborhood name". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 26, 2013.

Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthur Pue Gorman.
Political offices
Preceded by Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates
1872 		Succeeded by
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Maryland
1881–1899
Served alongside: James Groome, Ephraim Wilson, Charles Gibson, George Wellington 		Succeeded by
New office Chair of the Senate District of Columbia Corporations Committee
1892–1893 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Printing Committee
1893–1895 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Private Land Claims Committee
1898 		Succeeded by
Preceded by U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Maryland
1903–1906
Served alongside: Louis E. McComas, Isidor Rayner 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus
1890–1898 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus
1903–1906 		Succeeded by
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