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Iziaslav I of Kiev

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In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Yaroslavich.

Iziaslav I
Grand Prince of Kiev
Reign1054–1068[1]
PredecessorYaroslav the Wise
SuccessorVseslav
Reign1069–1073[2]
PredecessorVseslav
SuccessorSviatoslav II
Reign1077–1078[2]
PredecessorVsevolod I
SuccessorVsevolod I
Prince of Novgorod
Reign1052–1054
PredecessorVladimir of Novgorod
SuccessorMstislav I
Prince of Turov
Reign1045–1052
Born5 February 1024
Died3 October 1078 (aged 54)
Nezhatyna Nyva
Burial
Church of the Tithes, Kiev
SpouseGertrude of Poland, Casimir's sister
IssueYaropolk Izyaslavich, Mstislav, Sviatopolk II
Names
Iziaslav Yaroslavovich
DynastyRurik
FatherYaroslav the Wise
MotherIngegerd Olofsdotter (a daughter of Olof Skötkonung)
SealIziaslav I's signature

Iziaslav Yaroslavich (Old East Slavic: Изѧславь Ѩрославичь, romanized: Izęslavǐ Jęroslavičǐ;[a] 1024 – 3 October 1078; baptized as Demetrius) was Prince of Turov and Grand Prince of Kiev (1054–1068; 1069–1073; 1077–1078).[3]

Iziaslav's children Yaropolk and Sviatopolk would rule the Turov Principality. Their authority was mainly challenged by the descendents of Rostislav Vsevolodovich.

Biography

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Iziaslav was the oldest son of Yaroslav I the Wise by his second wife Ingigerd Olafsdottir. Iziaslav succeeded his father, after Yaroslav's oldest child, Vladimir (the only child by Yaroslav's first wife), had predeceased his father. Iziaslav was one of the authors of the Pravda of Yaroslav's Descendants – a part of the first legal code of the Russkaya Pravda.[4][5]

He is also credited with the foundation of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev ceded the whole mountain to Antonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from Constantinople. According to the Primary Chronicle, in the early 11th century, Antony, a Greek Orthodox monk from Esphigmenon monastery on Mount Athos, originally from Liubech in the Principality of Chernigov, returned to Rus' and settled in Kiev as a missionary of the monastic tradition to Kievan Rus'. He chose a cave at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the Dnieper River and a community of disciples soon grew.[citation needed]

In 1043, his father Yaroslav made an agreement with King Casimir I of Poland that recognized Cherven as part of Kiev. The agreement was sealed with a double marriage: Casimir to Dobronega, Yaroslav's sister; and Iziaslav to Gertrude, Casimir's sister.[6] From this marriage were born three children: Yaropolk, Mstislav and Sviatopolk. From 1045–1052, Iziaslav reigned as Prince of Turov.[citation needed]

First reign (1054–1068)

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Upon the death of Yaroslav the Wise in 1054, his realm was divided between three of his older sons (Vladimir of Novgorod died before that), Iziaslav, Sviatoslav, and Vsevolod, creating the Yaroslavichi triumvirate that ruled the country for the next 20 years.[citation needed]

In 1060, the triumvirate campaigned together in the steppes against the Oghuz.[citation needed]

Rebellion of Vseslav of Polotsk (1065–1069)

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In 1065, their cousin Vseslav, who was the prince of Polotsk, besieged Pskov, but was defeated. In the winter of 1066–1067, he also attacked Novgorod. The prince of Novgorod at the time was Iziaslav's son Mstislav, who fled for Kiev. In response, the triumvirate marched up to take out Vseslav. Their first stop was the town of Minsk, whose people reportedly shut themselves into the town. However, the triumvirate managed to take Minsk and met Vseslav at the Nemiga river. On 3 March 1067, the two armies faced off at the Battle on the Nemiga River. Ultimately, the triumvirate was victorious and Vseslav fled. On 10 June, there was a formal truce between the two parties and Iziaslav invited Vseslav to his camp, but it was a trap. Vseslav and his two sons were arrested and brought to Kiev.[citation needed]

In 1068, the Cumans defeated the triumvirate at the Alta river, which dangerously exposed some major cities, including Kiev. Sviatoslav went to Chernigov, while Iziaslav and Vsevolod went to Kiev. On September 15, a veche met in Kiev that encouraged Iziaslav to fight the invaders, but he refused to even negotiate. The Kievans decided that if he wasn't going to send them, maybe another prince would, and started a popular uprising against him. Part of that uprising was that they freed Vseslav from his captivity and acclaimed him as their new prince. Iziaslav fled to Poland to get aid from Boleslaw II and marched back to reclaim the city. However, Vseslav didn't want to rule Kiev, so he fled in the night, leaving the people of the city with no leader to face Iziaslav and his Polish allies. Sviatoslav and Vsevolod asked him to show restraint, so he sent his son Mstislav, former prince of Novgorod, to blind and kill the important people. Iziaslav was received back in Kiev by 2 May 1069.[citation needed]

Second reign (1069–1073)

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His brother Sviatoslav had gained more power from the whole affair. He was the one who defeated the Cumans in autumn of the previous year and even captured their leader while Iziaslav was off in Poland. During that time, Sviatoslav even installed his own son, Gleb, as the new prince of Novgorod. Iziaslav's son Mstislav got Polotsk instead, though after his death in 1069 it went to his brother Sviatopolk. Unfortunately for Iziaslav, Sviatopolk was expelled from the city by Vseslav in 1071 who returned to ruling it, leaving Iziaslav's family with nothing to show for losing Novgorod.[citation needed]

In 1072, the triumvirate presided over the celebration of the sanctity of Boris and Gleb, which involved the transfer of their relics to a new church in Vyshgorod.[citation needed]

Exile in Poland (1073–1076)

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By 1073, Iziaslav had alienated so many people that Sviatoslav and Vsevolod drove him out of Kiev on 22 March in a seemingly bloodless coup. He once again went to Poland, but this time Boleslaw took his bribes and didn't give him any aid. In January of 1075, he showed up at the court of King Henry IV of Germany in Mainz to ask for help, but Henry didn't immediately provide aid, instead sending an emissary to Kiev for more information. At the same time, Iziaslav sent his son Yaropolk to Rome to ask for the support of Pope Gregory VII.[citation needed]

Third reign (1077–1078)

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Luckily for Iziaslav, Sviatoslav died in 1076 and he was able to return to Kiev on 15 July 1077 to once again rule.[citation needed] A conflict broke out after Sviatoslav's death about the rightful succession to Chernigov. Iziaslav and Vsevolod drove out Sviatoslav's son Oleg in April 1078. That summer, Oleg's brother Gleb, who was still ruling Novgorod, was driven out, killed, and replaced with Iziaslav's son Sviatopolk. But around the same time, Oleg got support from the Cumans and his cousin Boris, and came back to claim Chernigov. Oleg and Boris defeated Vsevolod in August and Vsevolod came to Kiev to ask Iziaslav for support. He agreed, but died in battle against Oleg on 3 October 1078.[5] He was the only incumbent Grand Prince of Kiev to be killed in battle.

Children

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Iziaslav had the following children with Gertrude:[citation needed]

Ancestry

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Notes

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  1. ^ Russian: Изяслав Ярославич; Ukrainian: Ізяслав Ярославич

References

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  1. ^ Martin 2007, p. 31.
  2. ^ a b Martin 2007, p. 33.
  3. ^ Morby, John E. (2002). Dynasties of the world: a chronological and genealogical handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780198604730.
  4. ^ Letiche, John M. (15 November 2023). A History of Russian Economic Thought: Ninth through Eighteenth Centuries. Univ of California Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-520-31869-4.
  5. ^ a b Franklin, Simon; Shepard, Jonathan (1996). The emergence of Rus, 750-1200. Longman history of Russia. London; New York: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-49090-1.
  6. ^ Simon Franklin, Jonathan Shepard, The Emergence of Rus 750–1200, (Routledge, 2013), 253.
  7. ^ Yaroslav the Wise in Norse Tradition, Samuel Hazzard Cross, Speculum, 181-182.
  8. ^ Winroth, Anders (2016). The age of the Vikings. Princeton. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-691-16929-3. OCLC 919479468.
  9. ^ Arrignon J. —P. Les relations diplomatiques entre Bizance et la Russie de 860 à 1043 // Revue des études slaves. - 1983 .-- T. 55 . - S. 133-135 .
  10. ^ Samuel Hazzard Cross (April 1929). "Yaroslav the Wise in Norse Tradition". Speculum. 4: 181.
  11. ^ Harvard Ukrainian studies, Vol. 12–13, p. 190, Harvard Ukrainian studies, 1990

Sources

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[edit]
Iziaslav I Yaroslavich
Born: 1024 Died: 1078
Regnal titles
Preceded by
reestablished
 Prince of Turov
1042–1078 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Grand Prince of Kiev
1054–1073 		Succeeded by
Titles in pretence
Preceded by Grand Prince of Kiev
1052–1054 		Succeeded by
Mstislav Izyaslavovich
Preceded by
Sudislav Vladimirovich
 2nd in line Grand Prince of Kiev
1042–1052 		Succeeded by
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