Ballistic knife
A ballistic knife is a knife with a detachable blade that can be ejected to a distance of several meters/yards by pressing a trigger or operating a lever or switch on the handle.[1][2] Spring-powered ballistic knives first appeared in books and press reports on Soviet and Eastern Bloc armed forces in the late 1970s. Commercially-produced ballistic knives briefly gained notoriety in the United States in the mid-1980s after they were marketed and sold in the United States and other Western countries. Since then, the marketing and sale of ballistic knives to civilians has been restricted or prohibited by law in several nations.
Usage
[edit]In its spring-propelled form, the blade of a ballistic knife is theoretically capable of being fired to an effective range of around 5 meters (about 16 feet) at a speed of 63 km/h (39 mph).[2][3] Ballistic knives using compressed air or gas propulsion to fire the blade can be made somewhat more powerful, and do not suffer from spring fatigue over time.
In addition to spring, air, or gas propulsion, the blade of a ballistic knife may also be propelled by an explosive charge, such as a blank pistol cartridge.
Development, usage, and laws
[edit]Soviet Union
[edit]The first press reports of what became known as the ballistic knife appeared in the late 1970s in connection with the Soviet Union's special operations forces. In his book Inside The Aquarium, Viktor Suvorov described a ballistic knife as part of a Soviet spetsnaz trooper's equipment.[4]
An NRS-2 combination knife/gun was designed and developed during the 1970s at the order of the Russian Ministry of Defence and KGB of the USSR.[5] However, the NRS-2 was not in fact a ballistic knife, but a gun hybrid (instead of launching the blade, a small barrel aligned with the blade fires a non-standard 7.62mm bullet).
United States
[edit]Commercial versions of the ballistic knife first appeared in the US market in the mid-1980s. After hearing uncorroborated testimony from a congressional witness that ballistic knives could be used to defeat body armor typically worn by police officers, and witnessing a staged demonstration against a wood-backed target,[6] Senator Alphonse D'Amato of New York introduced the Ballistic Knife Prohibition Act, a bill to ban sale or possession of ballistic knives. The bill eventually failed. However, after gaining the support of Senators Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, and Dennis DeConcini of Arizona,[7] congressional support for a ban on import or possession of ballistic knives quickly gained traction. In September 1986 senators supporting the ballistic knife ban attached their bill to popular legislation designed to eradicate drug crops in foreign countries and halt international drug trafficking operations. The bill was subsequently enacted into law. The new federal statute prohibited future importation or possession of such knives in interstate commerce. Some individual states following the example set by the federal law and passed even tighter restrictions, sometimes banning ownership of the knives outright within their state.[8]
Similar to conventional automatic knives, federal law makes ballistic knives with a spring-operated blade[9] illegal to possess, manufacture, sell, or import "in or affecting interstate commerce."[10] This means they are illegal to import from outside the United States, as well as buy or sell over state lines, including possessing or making them with intent to sell over state lines. The federal law also makes it a separate crime to use or possess a ballistic knife during the commission of a federal crime of violence, with a minimum sentence of five years in a federal prison. Federal law does not prohibit the possession, manufacture, or sale of a ballistic knife within a state's boundaries, and the individual laws of each state or territory must be consulted to determine whether possession, manufacture, or sale within a given state is legal (many states have statutes that regulate or prohibit the acquisition or possession of ballistic knives, and penalties vary from state to state). Like the federal switchblade law, an exception is made for sale to the United States Armed Forces within the confines of a contract, as well as possession by duly-authorized members of the Armed Forces in performance of their duty.[11]
A ballistic knife with a blade propelled by an explosive charge falls outside the Federal law pertaining to these devices, but still may be restricted as this makes it a firearm subject to the Any Other Weapons (AOW) category of the National Firearms Act.
United Kingdom
[edit]Possession of ballistic knives and pilum knives is illegal under current legislation in the United Kingdom.[12][13] and this has resulted in a tendency to interpret any bladed object of questionable status as falling within the definition of a prohibited knife.[13]
Whilst "ballistic knives" are not specifically mentioned in any legislation, the marketing, sale, transfer, or possession in a public place of a ballistic knife could be construed to be illegal under the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959, the Knives Act 1997, the Criminal Justice Act 1988, and the Prevention of Crime Act 1953. The Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 imposes criminal penalties for anyone who manufactures, sells or hires, or offers for sale or hire, or lends or gives to any other person "any knife which has a blade which opens automatically by hand pressure applied to a button, spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife."[14] The Knives Act 1997 prohibits the marketing of knives as offensive weapons, while the Criminal Justice Act 1988 prohibits the carrying of blades or sharply pointed objects in a public place without "good reason or lawful authority". Finally, the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 prohibits the possession in any public place of an offensive weapon without "lawful authority or reasonable excuse." The term "offensive weapon" is defined under the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 as: "any article made or adapted for use to causing injury to the person, or intended by the person having it with him for such use". Under the Prevention of Crime Act, knives otherwise 'exempt' from penalty under the Criminal Justice Act 1988 when carried for "good reason or lawful authority" may still be deemed illegal if authorities conclude the knife is being carried as an "offensive weapon" without "lawful authority or reasonable excuse".[15] 'Lawful authority' means those occasions where people from time to time are required to carry weapons as a matter of governmental duty, such as police officers or members of the armed forces, not private persons, hence the 'lawful authority' language cannot be relied upon to establish an exemption from prosecution of private individuals.[15][16] Furthermore, as the ballistic knife was originally designed as an offensive weapon and given current prosecutorial directives,[12] it may be difficult to establish "reasonable excuse" for carrying such a knife before a UK prosecutor or court,[15] especially as the carrying of a knife in public for self-defence is not acceptable as a "reasonable excuse".[17] In the eyes of the law, claims of self-protection are presently viewed as an admission that the defendant intends to use the knife in violation of the law as an "offensive weapon" - albeit in a defensive manner, and in otherwise justifiable circumstances.[17]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Brown, Carl, The Law and Martial Arts, Burbank, CA: Ohara Publications, ISBN 0-89750-134-9 (1998), p. 127
- ^ a b Crawford, Steve, Deadly fighting skills of the world, New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-20262-8 (1999), pp. 45-46: The minimum standard demanded of Spetsnaz recruits when throwing a knife from six feet is three consecutive hits on target; five hits is considered excellent.
- ^ Zinser, Tim; Fuller, Dan; Punchard, Neal (2003). Switchblades Of Italy. Kentucky: Turner Publishing Company. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-1-56311-933-0.
- ^ , Suvorov, Viktor, Inside The Aquarium: The Making of A Top Soviet Spy, New York: MacMillan & Co. (1986), ISBN 9780026154901, p. 41: "He [spetsnaz soldier] carries on his right calf a huge knife . . . and on his left calf four spare blades. The Spetsnaz knife is no ordinary knife. It has a powerful spring in it so that when you remove the safety catch and press the release button the knife blade shoots out with a terrible hiss . . . the blade can carry 25 meters. If It lands in a tree it is not always possible to pull it out"
- ^ "Special Soviet Shooting Knife". April 6, 2015.
- ^ Mills, Doug, Police Officer Firing "Ballistic Knife" Across Room, Bettman Archive May 13, 1986, image © Bettmann/CORBIS
- ^ Library of Congress Bills, Resolutions: S.2411, Ballistic Knife Prohibition Act, List of Sponsors (69) Archived December 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Iowa Knife Laws". knifeup.com. January 19, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
- ^ USC Title 15, Ch. 29, Sec. 1245(d): "As used in this section, the term "ballistic knife" means a knife with a detachable blade that is propelled by a spring-operated mechanism."
- ^ "U.S.C. Title 15 Chapter 29 § 1245 Ballistic Knives". Retrieved October 5, 2010.
- ^ 15 U.S.C. 1245, paragraph (c) (referring to 15 U.S.C. 1244, paragraphs 1,2, and 3) Archived March 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Wayback Machine archive, 17 March 2012
- ^ a b Crown Prosecution Service, Offensive Weapons, Knives, Bladed and Pointed Articles, updated April 16, 2010, retrieved September 11, 2011: "There is a strong public interest in deterring the carrying and use of knives and other offensive weapons. Accordingly, where there is sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction, the public interest will normally require a prosecution."
- ^ a b Behagg, Zoe, Illegal Knives Sold On eBay, BBC Watchdog, retrieved December 15, 2011: In a BBC 'sting' investigation of an auction site, the reporter brought several knives to the Metropolitan Police, including two knives described as "flick knives" that used thumb pressure on a blade protrusion to manually (not automatically) rotate the blade into the open position using one hand. These so-called "flick" knives were immediately seized and classified by an ordinary police sergeant as illegal flick knives even though the blades of the knives did not "open automatically" per Chapter 37, Section (1)(a) of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959, as amended by Ch. 22, Sect. 1 of the Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1961. Wayback Machine archive, 12 February 2009
- ^ Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959, May 14, 1959, Chapter 37-7 and 8 Eliz 2
- ^ a b c Bryan v. Mott, 62 Cr App R 71 (1976)
- ^ R. v. Spanner, Poulter and Ward, 1 Crim. L.R. 704 (1973): An offensive weapon carried by a private security guard was not exempt under the "lawful authority" provision of the Prevention of Crime Act 1953).
- ^ a b DirectGov, Crime and Violence: Knife crime, DirectGov UK Government Information Service, England & Wales: "If you carry a knife to protect yourself or make yourself feel safer but don’t intend to use it then you are committing a crime."
