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Fallingwater

Coordinates: 39°54′22″N 79°28′5″W / 39.90611°N 79.46806°W / 39.90611; -79.46806
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Fallingwater
Fallingwater in Stewart Township, Pennsylvania
Map
Interactive map showing Fallingwater's location
LocationStewart Township,
Fayette County, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Nearest cityUniontown
Coordinates39°54′22″N 79°28′5″W / 39.90611°N 79.46806°W / 39.90611; -79.46806
Built1936–1939
ArchitectFrank Lloyd Wright
Architectural style(s)Modern architecture
Visitorsabout 160,000 (in 2010s)
Governing bodyWestern Pennsylvania Conservancy
CriteriaCultural: (ii)
Designated2019 (43rd session)
Part ofThe 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
Reference no.1496-005
RegionEurope and North America
DesignatedJuly 23, 1974[1]
Reference no.74001781[1]
DesignatedMay 23, 1966[2]
DesignatedMay 15, 1994[3]

Fallingwater is a house museum in the Mill Run section of Stewart Township, Pennsylvania, United States, designed by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935. Situated in the Laurel Highlands of southwest Pennsylvania, it is built partly over a waterfall on the Bear Run river. The house was designed to serve as a weekend retreat for Liliane and Edgar J. Kaufmann, the owner of Pittsburgh's Kaufmann's Department Store. The original house was completed in 1937, and a guest annex was completed in 1939. The Kaufmanns' son, Edgar Kaufmann Jr., deeded the house in 1963 to the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, which continues to operate it as a tourist attraction.

The house has received architectural commentary over the years, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark. Fallingwater was listed as a World Heritage Site in 2019 as part of a group of eight listings known as "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright".

Site

[edit]

Fallingwater is situated in Stewart Township in the Laurel Highlands of southwest Pennsylvania, United States,[4] about 72 miles (116 km) southeast of Pittsburgh.[5][6] The house is located near Pennsylvania Route 381,[7][8] between the communities of Ohiopyle and Mill Run in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.[8] Nearby are the Bear Run Natural Area to the north, as well as Ohiopyle State Park to the south.[9][10] The nearest city is Uniontown, Pennsylvania, to the west.[7]

The main house sits above a set of waterfalls on the Bear Run stream.[8] There are two waterfalls on the grounds: an upper falls about 20 feet (6.1 m) high, where the house is situated, and a lower falls about 10 feet (3.0 m) high, downstream from the house.[8] Where it runs beneath the house, Bear Run is 1,298 feet (396 m) above sea level.[11][12] There is a layer of buff and gray sandstone under the site, which is part of the Pottsville Formation. Prior to Fallingwater's construction, several sandstone boulders were scattered across the grounds, particularly on the north side of Bear Run.[13]

In the 1890s, a freemasonry group from Pittsburgh developed a country club on a plot of land that includes the Fallingwater site. By 1909, this clubhouse had been acquired by another group of masons who turned it into the Syria Country Club.[14] A map from 1913 shows that the grounds included the clubhouse, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Bear Run station, and 13 other buildings (none of which are extant). The clubhouse was about 1,100 feet (340 m) southeast of Fallingwater's site, and the train station was further downhill. The 13 other structures included a cottage, which occupied the site of Fallingwater's guest wing. [15]

Use as house

[edit]

Context

[edit]

Fallingwater was built for Edgar J. Kaufmann, a Pittsburgh businessman and the president of Kaufmann's Department Store, and his wife Liliane Kaufmann.[14] By 1916, Edgar Kaufmann had established a summer retreat for his employees at Bear Run; the employees eventually bought the 1,598.7-acre (647.0 ha) site in 1926. The Kaufmanns built a simple summer cabin on the grounds in 1922, which was nicknamed "Hangover" because it sat atop a cliff. The cabin, which was expanded in 1931, originally had no electricity, plumbing, or heating.[16] The Kaufmanns lived in La Tourelle, a French Norman estate in Fox Chapel designed in 1923 by Pittsburgh architect Benno Janssen.[17]

Kaufmann's employees stopped using the summer retreat in the 1930s.[18][19] The Kaufmann family bought the site in July 1933, expanding their holdings to 1,914 acres (775 ha).[19] Edgar and Liliane became familiar with the work of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright through their only child, Edgar Kaufmann Jr..[20][a] The younger Edgar Kaufmann had studied in Europe under the artist Victor Hammer from 1930 to 1933.[21][22] After returning to the United States, in mid-1934, Edgar Jr. read the architect Frank Lloyd Wright's 1932 autography and traveled to Wright's Taliesin studio in Wisconsin in late September.[23][24] Within three weeks, Edgar Jr. began an apprenticeship at the Taliesin Fellowship, a communal architecture program established by Wright and his wife, Olgivanna.[25] It was during a visit with their son at Taliesin in November 1934 that Edgar and Liliane Kaufmann first met Wright.[25][20]

The elder Edgar Kaufmann eventually agreed to hire Wright to design a building for Kaufmann's Department Store, and later a house at Bear Run, at his son's urging.[25][26] Fallingwater was one of three major buildings that Frank Lloyd Wright designed in the 1930s; the other two were the Johnson Wax Building in Racine, Wisconsin, and Herbert Jacobs's first house in Madison, Wisconsin.[27] When Wright was hired as Fallingwater's architect in late 1934, he was 67 years old, and his contemporaries did not hold his designs in high esteem.[9][24] Furthermore, Wright had designed only two buildings in the previous six years.[24][28]

Development

[edit]

Surveys

[edit]
The strong horizontal and vertical lines are a distinctive feature of Fallingwater

On December 18, 1934, Wright visited Bear Run and asked for a survey of the area around the waterfall.[29] An engineering map of the site's boulders, trees, and topography was completed and forwarded to Wright on March 9, 1935.[30] Wright drew up the plans at Taliesin, assisted by his apprentices Edgar Tafel and Robert Mosher. In addition, Wright's employees Mendel Glickman and William Wesley Peters were hired as the structural engineers.[31] The Kaufmanns planned to entertain large groups so the house needed to be larger than the original plot allowed. They also requested separate bedrooms as well as a bedroom for their adult son and an additional guest room.[29]

Preliminary plans

[edit]

As reported by Wright's apprentices, Kaufmann was in Milwaukee on September 22, nine months after their initial meeting, when he called Wright at home early in the morning to tell Wright that he would be visiting that day. Wright had told Kaufmann in earlier communications that he had been making progress on the plans but in actuality, he had not done anything. After breakfast, amid a group of very nervous apprentices, Wright calmly drew the plans in the two hours it took Kaufmann to drive to Taliesin.[32] Wright designed a cantilevered structure that included all the rooms that Kaufmann wanted.[29]

Edgar Kaufmann had expected that the house would be downstream of Bear Run's waterfalls, allowing the Kaufmann family to see the cascades.[33] However, instead Wright designed the home above the waterfall.[34][35] A reporter for The Morning Call wrote that the house was built above the falls at Wright's insistence.[36] Wright explained that he wanted the family "not to look at the water fall, but to live with it".[37] Edgar Kaufmann was allegedly initially very upset with this change,[29] but the family ultimately came to accept the design as it was.[28] Early on in the design process, Wright also suggested covering the exteriors with gold leaf;[36][38] though Wright had made his suggestion jokingly, Kaufmann hired a gold-leaf contractor, who rejected the idea after a day.[28]

Preliminary plans were issued to Kaufmann for approval on October 15, 1935,[39] after which Wright made an additional visit to the site to generate a cost estimate for the job. In December 1935, an old rock quarry was reopened to the west of the site to provide the stones needed for the house's walls. Wright visited only periodically during construction, assigning his apprentice Robert Mosher as his permanent on-site representative.[39] Wright's team had created detailed drawings by January 1936.[40] The final plans for the house were largely derived from the initial sketches.[41] During the house's development, the elder Edgar Kaufmann wrote that he constantly thought about the house, "which has become part of me and a part of my life".[28]

Construction issues

[edit]
Fallingwater, as seen from Bear Run

The construction was plagued by conflicts between Wright, Kaufmann, and the contractor. Uncomfortable with what he saw as Wright's insufficient experience using reinforced concrete, Kaufmann had the architect's daring cantilever design reviewed by a firm of consulting engineers. Upon receiving their report, Wright took offense, immediately requesting that Kaufmann return his drawings and indicating that he was withdrawing from the project. Kaufmann relented to Wright's gambit and the engineer's report was subsequently buried within a stone wall of the house.[39]

For the cantilevered floors, the contractor, Walter Hall, argued for increasing the reinforcing steel in the first floor's slab.[42] Wright refused the suggestion, since he believed the extra steel would cause the slab to collapse.[43] A later restoration project confirmed that the amount of concrete reinforcement had indeed been increased.[42][43] There was speculation over the years that the steel contractor Metzger-Richardson,[42] rather than Kaufmann's consulting engineers, was responsible for the increased reinforcement.[39] When Wright heard about the increased reinforcement, he wrote angrily to Kaufmann: "I have put so much more into this house than you or any other client has a right to expect, that if I don't have your confidence—to hell with the whole thing".[6][43] Despite Kaufmann's reassurances that he was indeed confident in Wright's work, the extra steel remained in place; the engineer Robert Silman credited the presence of the steel with preventing the house from total collapse.[6][43] Wright also asked engineers in Pittsburgh to review his blueprints. Upon receiving their report, which also expressed doubts about the house's structural stability, Wright ordered that the report be locked in the house's cornerstone (it was instead sealed in one of the walls).[44]

In addition, the contractor did not build in a slight upward incline in the formwork for the cantilever to compensate for its settling and deflection.[45][46] Once the formwork was removed, the cantilever developed a noticeable sag,[45][43] sinking about 1.75 inches (4.4 cm).[43] When Mosher contacted Glickman about the sag, the latter reportedly realized that he had forgotten to add enough steel reinforcement to counteract the compressive forces of the concrete beams.[43] Upon learning of the unapproved steel addition, Wright recalled Mosher.[45] With Kaufmann's approval, the consulting engineers installed a wall under the main supporting beam for the west terrace. When Wright discovered it on a site visit, he had Mosher discreetly remove the top course of stones. When Kaufmann later confessed to what had been done, Wright showed him what Mosher had done and pointed out that the cantilever had held up for the past month under test loads without the wall's support.[47] After the formwork was removed from the second-story terrace, the parapet cracked at two locations, prompting Metzger-Richardson to suggest that columns be installed in the streambed to support the terrace. Wright rejected the suggestion, as did Kaufmann.[48] Despite subsequent repairs to the parapet, the cracks periodically reappeared.[46]

Naming, completion, and cost

[edit]

The "Fallingwater" name originated with Wright in late 1937, when he wrote the text that accompanied a feature article on Wright's career in the January 1938 Architectural Forum. Until that time it had been referred to on Wright's drawings and in correspondence as the E.J. Kaufmann Residence or E.J. Kaufmann House, the names used in publications covering the house's construction. The new name immediately became popular, and was amplified by a 1938 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art and in Henry Luce's popular magazines Time and Life. The Kaufmanns, who reportedly disliked the name, did not use it.[49]

The main house was completed in 1938 and the guest house was completed the following year.[50] The original estimated cost for building Fallingwater was $35,000. The final cost for the home and guest house was $155,000 (equivalent to about $2.7 million in 2023),[51][52][53] which included $75,000 for the house; $22,000 for finishings and furnishings; $50,000 for the guest house, garage and servants' quarters; and an $8,000 architect's fee.[54] From 1938 through 1941, more than $22,000 was spent on additional details and for changes in the hardware and lighting.[54] The total cost was nearly four times Kaufmann's original $40,000 budget for the house, which in turn was ten times the average cost of a four-bedroom house in Pennsylvania at the time.[8]

Kaufmann usage

[edit]

Fallingwater was the Kaufmann family's weekend home for 26 years. The family traveled to the estate by taking the train to the Bear Run station, where a chauffeur drove them to the house.[18] The family retreated to Fallingwater on weekends to escape the heat and smoke of industrial Pittsburgh. Liliane enjoyed swimming in the nude and collecting modern art, especially the works of Diego Rivera, who was a guest at the country house.[55]

[Wright] understood that people were creatures of nature, hence an architecture which conformed to nature would conform to what was basic in people. For example, although all of Falling Water [sic] is opened by broad bands of windows, people inside are sheltered as in a deep cave, secure in the sense of the hill behind them.

— Edgar Kaufmann Jr.[56]

Fallingwater had shown signs of deterioration ever since its construction, particularly regarding the cantilevered terraces.[5] When the Kaufmanns moved in, the house was leaking in 50 places, although the Kaufmanns did not express their concerns about the leaks to Wright.[9] A more pressing matter was the structural problems of Fallingwater's terraces. Concerned about the terraces' condition, Kaufmann hired a surveyor in 1941 to survey the terraces and record the severity of their sagging. The house's terraces were surveyed annually for the next fourteen years.[57][58]

Liliane used the house until she died there of a drug overdose in 1952. Edgar Kaufmann, who subsequently remarried, did not outlive Liliane by much longer: He died in 1955 and was buried on the grounds.[59] Edgar Jr. inherited Fallingwater after his father's death, continuing to use it as a weekend retreat until 1963.[52][40] The younger Edgar discontinued Fallingwater's annual structural surveys, since he thought the terraces had stopped sagging.[60] Edgar Kaufmann Jr. also agreed to donate the house to the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (WPC) at some point in the future. By then, the sagging terraces had caused the window frames to warp, and the family hired engineers to add supports to the terraces, repair the roof, and rebuild the staircase between the living room and Bear Run.[40]

Use as museum

[edit]

1960s and 1970s

[edit]
The cantilevers at Fallingwater

Increasingly concerned with ensuring Fallingwater's preservation and following his father's wishes, Edgar Kaufmann Jr. entrusted the home and approximately 1,500 acres (610 ha) of land to the WPC in October 1963.[40] Fallingwater was subsequently turned into a house museum.[61][46] In accordance with Kaufmann's request, the WPC attempted to recreate the house's original condition as much as possible. This included setting the dining tables and beds, opening the closets, and placing toilet paper and soap in the bathrooms to give the appearance that the Kaufmanns were still living there.[9] Visitors were allowed into most of the house's rooms.[9][62] Edgar Jr. remained involved with the WPC and Fallingwater until his death in 1989.[63][62] In subsequent years, the original 1,500-acre bequest was expanded to 5,000 acres (2,000 ha).[59]

1980s and 1990s

[edit]

Edgar Jr.'s partner, the architect and designer Paul Mayén, designed a visitor center for the house, which was completed in 1981.[64] Lynda Waggoner was appointed as the house's director in 1985.[63] During the 1980s and 1990s, the WPC spent tens of thousands of dollars to upgrade security, restore the wood, and replace the window panes.[61]

By the late 1980s, acid rain, and repeated thawing and freezing, had also caused deterioration.[65][66] Even though all but a dozen leaks had been repaired through the years, laborers were employed throughout the year specifically to clear rain and snow from the terraces and roof.[61] In addition, the ends of Fallingwater's cantilevered terraces had sagged by 7 inches (180 mm),[6][67] causing the terraces to tilt by about two degrees.[58] In 1992, the WPC hired John Seekircher to fix the glass hatch in the living room, which had not been opened in two decades.[68] Waggoner also planned to repaint the house, which was complicated by the fact that workers could not allow paint chips to fall into Bear Run due to strict environmental regulations.[61] In 1995, following a tip from an engineering student,[69] the WPC commissioned a study of the site's structural integrity, which found that the cantilevers were insufficiently reinforced and that the concrete and its steel reinforcement were both close to failing.[70] The engineer Robert Silman was hired to assess the conditions of the cantilevers and design a permanent fix for the issue.[58][71]

To prevent the terraces from collapsing, workers installed temporary girders in 1997[58][71] at a cost of $140,000.[72] The living room's sofa and part of the room's floor was removed to accommodate the girders.[60][73] Several stone plugs were carved out of Bear Run's streambed to create holes for the girders' footings; the plugs were to be placed back into the streambed once the girders had been removed.[72] The stream was also rerouted to allow crews to access the terraces,[73] and two of the terraces were closed off while these repairs were made.[46] Silman devised plans to repair the structure permanently by post-tensioning the slabs, which involved pulling high-strength steel cables through the beams.[74] The WPC cut out a section of the house's floor in 1999, allowing engineering students to investigate the house's structural issues.[58] That year, Waggoner began raising $6 million for permanent structural repairs;[46][58] the work was postponed by two years while the WPC raised money for the project.[6] The Getty Foundation provided the WPC with a $70,000 grant to investigate the structural issues.[46]

2000s to present

[edit]

When work began in late 2001, the cost of restoration was estimated at $11.5 million (approximately $18.9 million in 2023).[6][75] Silman's company first added sensors to determine whether the cracks in the terraces were growing.[43][76] After confirming that the cracks were increasing in size, Silman's team post-tensioned the slabs.[6] The living-room floors were removed for repairs, and contractors poured concrete blocks on both ends of each beam.[69][76] Five large cables next to the beams, and six smaller cables next to the joists, were threaded through these blocks and then tightened. This process took six months;[69] after the post-tensioning was completed, the terraces largely stopped sagging.[66] The post-tensioning work cost about $4 million (equivalent to $6,575,000 in 2023).[6]

Waggoner also announced plans to strengthen one of the upper-level terraces using carbon fiber, rebuilding the staircase from the living room to Bear Run, and repairing water damage.[76] Pamela Jerome of the engineering firm Wank Adams Slavin Associates drew up plans for the installation of roof membranes to improve drainage.[77][74] Workers also relocated some outbuildings to give Fallingwater a more secluded appearance, and they replaced the visitor center's sewage system.[6] In 2018, Justin W. Gunther was appointed as Fallingwater's director, replacing Waggoner.[78]

Architecture

[edit]
The interior of Fallingwater, showing a sitting area with furnishings designed by Wright
Viewing platform at the stream

Fallingwater has been described as an architectural tour de force of Wright's organic architecture.[79] The building also includes Japanese architectural details because of Wright's love of Japanese architecture. Contemporary Japanese architect Tadao Ando has said of the house:[80]

I think Wright learned the most important aspect of architecture, the treatment of space, from Japanese architecture. When I visited Fallingwater in Pennsylvania, I found that same sensibility of space. But there was the additional sounds of nature that appealed to me.[80]

In designing the building, Wright had sought to eliminate the distinction between the exterior and interior, using the same materials indoors and outdoors.[8][81] For instance, there are rock outcroppings both inside and outside the house.[9][82] Wright, who saw the house as "an extension of a natural cliff",[81] built Fallingwater out of stone from nearby quarries.[83] The house also uses reinforced concrete, steel, and plate glass.[9][82] In addition, all the woodwork in the house is made of black walnut from North Carolina.[28][82]

Exterior

[edit]
Bridge leading to the entrance of Fallingwater

The house is three stories high.[11][81] Wright also planned to have the house blend into its natural setting,[84] limiting his palette to a light-ocher "dead rhododendron" color for the concrete and a Cherokee red for the steel.[28] Some of the house's corners have windows that open inward[36] and lack vertical mullions.[82][85] There are also windows with metal casings,[36] which are painted Cherokee red.[9][82] The roof has rolled edges.[85]

The house is accessed by a bridge with reinforced-concrete balustrades, which spans Bear Run. At either end of each balustrade is a planter made of rough stone, which was intended to contrast with the smooth concrete used in the balustrades.[38] There is a rectangular concrete panel at the middle of the bridge deck, with square, inlaid lights at each corner of the panel.[86] The main doorway is recessed from the facade and is located next to a small jet of water.[9][62]

Terraces

[edit]

Wright made extensive use of cantilevered terraces,[81][67] which he compared with tree branches.[40] These terraces are made of concrete.[11][40] At the time of the house's construction, neither cantilevers nor reinforced concrete were commonplace.[85]

The primary section of the main house, which includes the living room, is cantilevered over the stream. The cantilevered section is supported at one end by three reinforced-concrete piers and one masonry pier, which sit above a sandstone ledge. A 14.5-foot-long (4.4 m) reinforced-concrete beam is cantilevered outward from each pier, and concrete joists run perpendicularly to the reinforced-concrete beams.[31] The underside of the cantilevered section is made of a reinforced-concrete slab.[31][76] The beams and joists form a grid above the slab; this grid is similar in shape to an inverted coffered ceiling.[76] Above the grid of beams and joists are wooden planks, which are covered with the stone tiles of the living room.[31]

There are terraces leading off the living room's western and eastern walls.[11][43] An additional terrace extends off the second floor's southern side, which extends about 6 feet (1.8 m) further outward than the living room below it.[43] The second-floor terrace was originally supported by four mullions along the southern wall of the living room.[6][43][76] As built, the second-floor terrace transferred too much weight onto the cantilevered living room; as such, the living-room cantilever had to be strengthened in the 2000s.[6][60] Canopy cover from the surrounding forest hangs above the terraces.[87]

Interior

[edit]

Fallingwater has three bedrooms.[9] The main house has a floor area of about 5,320 square feet (494 m2); including the guest wing, there is about 8,000 square feet (740 m2) of floor area.[83] Each story has a different shape. One source described the interiors as "spaces of varying sizes and shapes that seem to flow from one to the other".[88]

The walls, chimney, and piers are made of sandstone from the surrounding area.[11] The chimney doubled as the structural core, from which the terraces were cantilevered.[40][9] The house's superstructure does not use any steel I-beams, but it does use folded slabs of reinforced concrete for structural support.[82] Steel was used for the windows and doors. The floors have black-walnut millwork as well as sandstone finishes.[11] Wright designed the hallways with low ceilings to prevent people from loitering there[33] and to create a cave-like atmosphere.[18][82] He also decreased the size of the bedrooms to encourage occupants to go outside.[33] Like the exteriors, some of the interior design elements are cantilevered, such as furniture, shelves, and the kitchen kettle's arm.[62][83]

First floor

[edit]

The first story contains the main entrance, the living room (which is cantilevered above the waterfall), and the kitchen.[11][81] The first story has a waxed stone floor, an allusion to the stream flowing below it.[62][82][87] The living room spans 1,800 square feet (170 m2) and also functions as a study and dining area.[82] The fireplace hearth in the living room integrates boulders found on the site upon which the house was built.[33][81] There is a natural boulder protruding through the living room floor, which was retained at Edgar Kaufmann's request.[33] This boulder is about 7 feet (2.1 m) long and protrudes 10 inches (250 mm) from of the floor.[40] There are windows on three sides,[18][82] and doors lead to the terraces to the west and east.[11] The living room contains a glass hatch,[33][82] which conceals a stairway that descends into the stream below the room.[81][89] The stairs end at a landing just above the stream,[89] and there is a shallow plunge pool at the bottom of the stairway.[90] Bear Run sometimes swells during storms; due to the presence of the staircase, the first floor has flooded on occasion.[36]

A doorway connects the kitchen and living area.[91] In the kitchen, there is a 6-foot-tall (1.8 m) niche with a fireplace, which is built into a rock outcropping.[91] Wright installed a 2-foot-diameter (0.61 m), 18-U.S.-gallon (68 L) cast iron kettle in the niche,[28][33] which is suspended from a swinging arm.[91][83] The kettle was inefficient for its purpose: It could not warm water after 12 hours, and the lid was extremely heavy.[33] When Fallingwater was used as a residence, Liliane Kaufmann seldom used the kitchen.[92]

[edit]

Stone stairways lead to the upper-floor bedrooms,[82] which, unlike the first story, are not wheelchair-accessible.[62] The upper-story spaces have glass exterior walls, which overlook the forest and the falls.[28] The second floor contains two bedrooms.[11] There is a master bedroom 35 feet (11 m) above the waterfall,[36] which is directly above the living room and contains a terrace.[11] The master bedroom has movable shelves and bedside lighting that was designed specifically for the house.[82] There is also a dressing room above the kitchen, which overlooks the falls to the west.[11] A second bedroom, originally used by guests, is placed above the living room's eastern section.[11][28]

On the third story, there is another bedroom directly above the second-story dressing room.[11] Edgar Kaufmann had used the third-story bedroom as a study;[62][82] that room includes a desk with a cutout to allow the windows to swing inward.[62] Liliane used the third-story terrace as a roof garden, planting herbs there.[82] A set of stairs descends to the western second-story terrace. In addition, there is a terrace overlooking the house's center, which is accessed by a gallery that connects with a footbridge over the house's driveway.[11]

Furnishings

[edit]

Wright designed most of the house's built-in furniture.[36][11] To prevent the furniture from rotting due to moisture,[9] he incorporated walnut finishes into many pieces of furniture.[11] Many of the walls include wooden shelves and trim.[9] Among the original furnishings were sheepskin rugs and a sheepskin living-room couch,[81] as well as cantilevered tables.[9] The Kaufmanns also bought Tiffany lamps and Oriental art for the house,[82][36] in addition to works by artists such as Pablo Picasso[83] and Diego Rivera.[18] WPC owns the trademarks to the pieces of furniture that Wright designed,[93] and it has also sold furnishings that are based on the designs of Fallingwater's furniture.[94]

Wright placed the house's toilets very close to the ground, about 10.5 inches (270 mm) above the floor,[6] as he believed that a squatting position was healthier than sitting atop a standard American toilet.[8][9] In addition, he clad the bathroom floors with cork tiles,[18] and he ordered industrial-sized shower heads to make visitors feel like they were under a waterfall.[8][33] Wright concealed the radiators in the house because he did not like their appearance.[82]

Not all of Wright's furnishings and design preferences were retained. Liliane Kaufmann, unhappy with Wright's original barrel-shaped seats, instead bought a set of three-legged stools, which provided more stability on the irregular stone floors.[36] In addition, Liliane ordered privacy blinds for some of the windows, in spite of Wright's wish that the windows not be obstructed by blinds or other objects.[33] In one room, Edgar Kaufmann installed shelves across one of the windows.[88]

Outbuildings

[edit]
Fallingwater path from main house to guest house

A passageway connects the main house with a guest and servant wing, which was completed in 1939 and is uphill of the main house.[89] The walkway includes a small rock pool with a sculpture and a boulder that has water cascading down it.[33][82] The cascade was not part of the original plans for the guest wing; Wright had created it after workers discovered a hidden spring near the boulder.[82]

The guest wing has a separate lounge, bedroom, and bedroom.[28] The guest quarters feature a 6-foot-deep (1.8 m) swimming pool, which is fed by water from a spring.[82] Adjacent to the guest house is a carport with four parking spots,[28][89] which was built at the same time as the guest house and is accessed by a winding driveway.[89] There are three bedrooms and a bathroom above the carport, which are used as staff accommodations.[28] When he designed the guest wing, Wright tried to preserve the natural features of the landscape; for example, he installed a brace along the driveway to support a tree.[18][36]

The grounds also include a small mausoleum for Edgar and Liliane Kaufmann.[9] There are also paths throughout the grounds, including a pathway to the waterfall.[28]

Management

[edit]

The Western Pennsylvania Conservancy maintains Fallingwater, as well as a 5,000-acre (2,000 ha) site surrounding it.[83] The WPC hosts tours of the house.[18][33] The conservancy's standard tours cover only part of the house and do not allow photography; however, photographs are allowed on the more comprehensive tours that cover the whole house.[18] The conservancy also operates a visitor center with a gift shop, food concessions, and an exhibit of photographs.[33] There is also a child-care center on the grounds, since children under the age of nine are prohibited from touring the house.[10][62]

By 1990, the house and grounds accommodated 128,000 visitors a year,[36] a number that increased to 135,000 during the middle of that decade.[61] In the 2010s, the house attracted more than 160,000 visitors from around the world each year.[95]

Impact

[edit]

Critical reception

[edit]
Miniature replica of the Fallingwater building at MRRV, at the Carnegie Science Center in Pittsburgh

When the house was being completed, a writer for The Christian Science Monitor praised the use of contrasting materials, shapes, and tones, saying that they "add so much enchantment to the interior".[81] A writer for The Morning Call said in 1990 that the house was "like a gigantic piece of modern sculpture".[8] The next year, The New York Times described Fallingwater as "probably the most widely acclaimed modern residence in America".[96] Benjamin Forgey wrote in 1994 that the house "perhaps the most compelling manifestation of Wright's belief that architecture is not opposed to nature but, rather, is another facet or expression of nature and its processes".[62] A writer for The Philadelphia Inquirer observed that the house was unusually cozy for a modern–styled house and that the rooms were not "pretentious, grand or even luxurious".[18]

After the house's completion, Time called Fallingwater Wright's "most beautiful job"[97] and it is listed among Smithsonian's "Life List of 28 Places to See Before You Die".[98] In 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named Fallingwater the "best all-time work of American architecture"[99][100] and, in 2007, ranked Fallingwater 29th on its "America's Favorite Architecture" list.[101] In addition, The New York Times said that architects considered Fallingwater "one of Wright's supreme creations".[7]

Not all commentary was positive. In 1997, The Baltimore Sun wrote that the house "reeks of the architect's arrogance, from the low ceilings (Wright himself was short) to the uneven floors" and questioned whether the house's high maintenance costs were worth it.[102] William Thorsell wrote for The Globe and Mail that the house "turns its back to the landscape" and that the terrace parapets, the built-in furniture, and the use of rock and dark wood gave the house "a basement feeling".[103] Thorsell felt that the house was in the wrong place because the waterfall, the site's primary attraction, could not be seen from the house itself unless one looked down from the balconies.[103]

Landmark designations

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In 1966, Fallingwater became a National Historic Landmark.[95] The house was also added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 23, 1974.[104] The United States Department of the Interior nominated Fallingwater to UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2015, alongside nine other buildings.[105][106] UNESCO ultimately added eight properties, including Fallingwater, to the World Heritage List in July 2019 under the title "The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright".[107][108]

Media depictions

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Fallingwater has been depicted in several creative works, including:

Fallingwater is also the subject of the 1994 documentary film Fallingwater: A Conversation With Edgar Kaufmann Jr., produced by Kenneth Love and the WPC, which includes footage of Edgar Kaufmann Jr. and Wright speaking about the house.[115] In 1996, the WPC published Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright's Romance with Nature a set of pictures of Fallingwater.[116] To celebrate the house's 75th anniversary, another book about the house's history was published through Rizzoli in 2011.[95][117] Furthermore, a virtual tour of the house was released in CD format in 1997.[118]

The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City has hosted several exhibits about Fallingwater. For example, MoMA displayed pictures of the house in 1938 after it was completed,[119] and the museum exhibited more images of the house after his death in 1959;[120] in addition, MoMA displayed a model of the house in 2009.[121] The Carnegie Museum of Art also hosted an exhibit in 1999 that featured the house.[122] The house's design has inspired that of other structures, such as a gas station in the Washington metropolitan area.[123]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ The younger Kaufmann spelled the "jr." in his name with lowercase letters.[5] For consistency, this article refers to him as Edgar Kaufmann Jr.

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. ^ "Fallingwater". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2008.
  3. ^ "PHMC Historical Markers". Historical Marker Database. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2013.
  4. ^ "Fallingwater". Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Silman 2000, p. 88.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wald, Matthew L. (September 2, 2001). "Rescuing a World-Famous but Fragile House". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  7. ^ a b c Sommers, Carl (June 23, 1991). "Q and A". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kraft, Randy (October 7, 1990). "Fallingwater lives up to its billing". The Morning Call. pp. F1, F4. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ecenbarger, William (August 30, 1992). "Waterfall Wonder: Architect Frank Lloyd Wright Refused to Build Fallingwater Where the Owners Wanted It. So – It Has Become an Architectural Marvel Around the World". Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. R1, R8. ProQuest 1839103842. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  10. ^ a b "The Shades of Summer". The Daily American. May 29, 1993. p. 20. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p National Park Service 1974, p. 2.
  12. ^ Hoffmann 1977, p. 3.
  13. ^ Hoffmann 1977, p. 5.
  14. ^ a b Hoffmann 1977, p. 7.
  15. ^ Hoffmann 1977, pp. 7–8.
  16. ^ Hoffmann 1977, pp. 8–9.
  17. ^ Van Trump, J.D. (1983). Life and Architecture in Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh & Landmarks Foundation. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-916670-08-5. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cass, Julia (September 10, 1995). "Falling for Fallingwater: the Much-photographed House That Frank Lloyd Wright Built is Even More Striking in Real Life. The Surrounding Countryside of Western Pennsylvania Has Good Looks, Too". Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. T1, T10. ProQuest 1841056679. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  19. ^ a b Hoffmann 1977, p. 10.
  20. ^ a b "The Kaufmann Family – Fallingwater". Fallingwater. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  21. ^ Goldberger, Paul (August 1, 1989). "Edgar Kaufmann Jr., 79, Architecture Historian". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  22. ^ Waggoner 2011, pp. 174–177.
  23. ^ Waggoner 2011, p. 178.
  24. ^ a b c Hoffmann 1977, p. 11.
  25. ^ a b c Hoffmann 1977, p. 12.
  26. ^ Silman 2000, pp. 88, 90.
  27. ^ McCarter, Robert (2001). "Wright, Frank Lloyd". In Boyer, Paul S. (ed.). The Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508209-8.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bell, Judith (October 29, 1995). "The Wright Way: at Fallingwater, Man-made Beauty Complements Nature in the Hills of Western Pennsylvania". Boston Globe. p. B1. ProQuest 3050102768.
  29. ^ a b c d Toker 2007.
  30. ^ Hoffmann 1977, p. 13.
  31. ^ a b c d Silman 2000, p. 90.
  32. ^ Tafel, Edgar (1979). Apprentice to genius: Years with Frank Lloyd Wright. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0070628151.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Mooney, Joan (July 15, 1990). "Fallingwater: Frank Lloyd Wright's idea of a home". The Baltimore Sun. p. 2G. ISSN 1930-8965. ProQuest 1753854824.
  34. ^ "[W]hy did the client say that he expected to look from his house toward the waterfall rather than dwell above it?" Edgar Kaufmann Jr., Fallingwater: A Frank Lloyd Wright Country House, New York: Abbeville Press, p. 31. (ISBN 0-89659-662-1)
  35. ^ McCarter 2002, p. 7.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Podger, Pamela J. (February 8, 1991). "An original Wright by a waterfall". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 69. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  37. ^ Kamin, Blair (August 12, 1990). "For some, the perfect house is all Wright". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 282876755.
  38. ^ a b Waggoner 2011, p. 28.
  39. ^ a b c d McCarter 2002, p. 12.
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  42. ^ a b c Feldman, Gerard C. (September 2005). "Fallingwater Is No Longer Falling" (PDF). Structure. pp. 46–50. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2010.
  43. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Silman 2000, p. 91.
  44. ^ Guilfoil, Michael (March 9, 1997). "Cliffhangers Good Design Helps Create Dream Homes on Nightmare-inspiring Building Sites". Spokesman Review. p. E.1. ProQuest 406983133.
  45. ^ a b c McCarter 2002, pp. 12–13.
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  47. ^ McCarter 2002, p. 13.
  48. ^ Silman 2000, pp. 91–92.
  49. ^ Toker 2007, pp. 259–261.
  50. ^ "Fallingwater Facts". Fallingwater. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  51. ^ McCarter 2002, p. 59.
  52. ^ a b Plushnick-Masti, Ramit (September 27, 2007). "New Wright house in western Pa. completes trinity of work". Associated Press. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
  53. ^ Frost, Edward (March 9, 1986). "Frank Lloyd Wright's Masterpiece in Pennsylvania: Fallingwater—Where Man and Nature Live in Harmony". Los Angeles Times.
  54. ^ a b Hoffmann 1977, p. 52.
  55. ^ "The Kaufmann Legacy". Retrieved December 13, 2017.
  56. ^ Curtis, William J. R. (1983). Modern Architecture Since 1900. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall.
  57. ^ Silman 2000, p. 92.
  58. ^ a b c d e f Bernstein, Fred (March 11, 1999). "An Icon in Peril; Saving Fallingwater From a Fall". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  59. ^ a b Miller, Donald (November 10, 1996). "Kaufmann's Rich Legacy on the Store's 125th Anniversary, Reflections". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. pp. G1, G14. ProQuest 391767510. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  60. ^ a b c "The Wright Stuff Gets Old Fallingwater Given Firmer Support". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 4, 1997. p. B.1. ProQuest 391754575.
  61. ^ a b c d e Aeppel, Timothy (July 5, 1994). "They Go for the Mops When This House Lives Up to Its Name: Frank Lloyd Wright Wanted To Bring Nature Inside—And Fallingwater Leaks". The Wall Street Journal. p. A1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 903508639.
  62. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Forgey, Benjamin (September 7, 1994). "A River Runs Through It in Western Pennsylvania, Wright's Fallingwater Never Failed to Please Its Owners. Now It's Our Turn for a Taste". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 307821688. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  63. ^ a b Sharpe, Jerry (August 30, 1990). "Art career guided her to top at Fallingwater". The Pittsburgh Press. p. 2. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  64. ^ "Behind Fallingwater: How Pa. became home to one of Frank Lloyd Wright's greatest works". PennLive.com. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
  65. ^ Brackey, Harriet (May 18, 1990). "Fallingwater repairs; Turkel House sale". USA Today. p. 04B. ProQuest 306321208.
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  67. ^ a b Silman 2000, pp. 90–91.
  68. ^ Singer, Penny (November 15, 1992). "A Restorer's Motto: If It's Broken, Fix It". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  69. ^ a b c Dunlap, David W. (August 7, 2018). "Robert Silman, Engineer Who Saved Fallingwater, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  70. ^ Saffron, Inga (September 8, 2002). "To keep Fallingwater from falling down". Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine. pp. 13–15.
  71. ^ a b Silman, Robert & Matteo, John (July 1, 2001). "Repair and Retrofit: Is Falling Water Falling Down?" (PDF). Structure. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2007.
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  73. ^ a b "New supports will shore up terraces at Fallingwater". The Daily American. January 11, 1997. p. 35. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
  74. ^ a b Soren, Larson (May 1999). "New Plans for Fallingwater Could Save an Icon from Disaster" (PDF). Architectural Record. p. 97.
  75. ^ Lowry, Patricia (December 8, 2001). "Restoration of drooping Fallingwater uncovers flaws amid genius". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on December 8, 2017. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  76. ^ a b c d e f Sullivan 2002, p. 96.
  77. ^ Sullivan 2002, p. 97.
  78. ^ McMarlin, Shirley (March 14, 2018). "New Fallingwater director announced". TribLIVE.com. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
  79. ^ "Fallingwater". The Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press.
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  86. ^ Waggoner 2011, p. 30.
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Sources

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Further reading

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